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ICDPASO商事仲裁规则释义系列:第十四条“仲裁员信息披露”
发布时间:2026/01/14
一、引言
仲裁员的公正性与独立性是商事仲裁制度的基石,也是仲裁程序公正的重要保障。而完善的信息披露,是维系这一基石的“防线”。国际商事争端预防与解决组织(ICDPASO)《商事仲裁规则》第十四条以三款条文,构建了一个贯穿仲裁程序始终、权责清晰、后果明确的信息披露制度。该条款将披露义务明确化、持续化,并在程序公平与效率之间取得了平衡。
二、规则原文
第十四条仲裁员信息披露
(一)仲裁员候选人在接受选定或指定前,应当向仲裁院书面披露可能对其公正性和独立性产生合理怀疑的事实或情形。仲裁院应将相关信息书面通知各方当事人,要求当事人在规定期限内就是否重新选定仲裁员提出书面意见。
当事人在规定期限内未申请重新选定仲裁员的,不得以仲裁员已披露的事项为由申请回避。
(二)接受选定或指定的仲裁员应当签署保证独立、公正和具有足够办案时间的声明书。
(三)仲裁员在签署声明书后或仲裁程序进行过程中出现或发现任何可能导致对其公正性和独立性产生合理怀疑的情形,应当立即向各方当事人、其他仲裁员和仲裁院做出书面披露。
三、条文解析
(一)第一款
1.核心特点解析
本款确立了仲裁员在接受任命前的初始披露义务及配套程序,其核心特点主要有三方面。
(1)披露时点的前置性与强制性。义务产生于“接受选定或指定前”,确保了当事人在仲裁庭组成的关键决策点上能够获得充分信息。条文使用“应当”一词,表明此为仲裁员候选人的一项强制性义务,而非可选择的道德倡议,并由此体现在程序函接受选定或者拒绝选定的声明书中,从而披露给当事人以增强程序的透明度。
(2)机构传递与程序管理职能。仲裁院作为信息披露的传递者,负责将信息书面通知当事人,并设定当事人提出异议的期限。这体现了机构在管理程序、固定证据方面的重要作用。
(3)逾期异议的程序后果。规则规定,当事人若在期限内未对已披露事项申请重新选定(即回避),则视为放弃以此为由的回避权利。这是一个极具程序法意义的制度设计,它为仲裁庭的早期稳定性提供了强有力的保障。仲裁规则在防止当事人在程序后期出于策略目的滥用回避权利的同时,也在15条规定了得知或者应当得知回避事由的具体情形。
2.比较法视角
UNCITRAL仲裁规则(第11条)1规定了类似的前置披露义务和持续披露义务,但未明确规定“逾期异议的程序后果”条款。SIAC规则(第20条)2和HKIAC规则(第11条)3均要求仲裁员候选人披露可能引起正当怀疑的情形,未明文规定逾期异议的效力。ICC规则(第11条)4要求仲裁员候选人披露“在当事人看来可能影响仲裁员独立性的任何事实或情形,以及任何可能导致对仲裁员中立性产生合理怀疑的情形”。其披露表格和程序非常详细,并由仲裁院进行严格审查,其规则文本也未明确“逾期异议的程序后果”规则。LCIA规则(第5条)5要求仲裁员候选人披露“任何可能对其独立公正性产生合理怀疑的情形”。SCC规则(第18条)6要求仲裁员披露可能影响其独立公正性的情形,未明确规定逾期异议的程序后果。
ICDPASO此款的显著特点在于将前置披露、机构通知、当事人针对仲裁员主动披露信息的限期异议及逾期放弃的权利后果在一个条款中进行了闭环式规定,其明确性和系统性尤为突出。
3.法理性分析:
(1)正当程序与知情权的实现。当事人在选定仲裁员前享有充分的知情权,是正当程序原则在仲裁庭组建阶段的体现。本款通过强制披露和机构传递,确保了当事人能够在信息对称的基础上做出明智选择,体现了程序公正。
(2)程序安定性与禁反言原则的适用。“逾期异议的程序后果”规定是程序安定性价值的体现。它基于“禁反言”法理,防止“等待观望”的投机策略,即明知存在披露事项却不提出,待裁决结果不利时再以此为由挑战仲裁庭组成或裁决效力。这与ICDPASO仲裁规则第三条(放弃异议)的精神一脉相承,共同维护了程序的严肃性和效率。
(3)与回避程序的衔接。本款是第十五条(仲裁员回避)的前置程序和重要补充。它实际上创设了一个针对“已披露事项”的、前置的、简化的回避申请窗口。当事人若未在此窗口期内行动,则丧失了在正式的回避程序中就同一事由申请回避的权利,从而使第十五条的回避程序能够更聚焦于“新发现的”或“未披露的”事由。
(二)第二款
1.核心特点解析
本款通过声明书形式,将仲裁员的披露义务具象化,体现了以下两方面特点。
(1)义务的正式化与书面化。要求签署声明书,书面形式使该保证成为可追溯的程序文件。
(2)保证内容的三位一体。声明内容涵盖了“独立”、“公正”和“具有足够办案时间”三个核心要素。这不仅关注仲裁员与当事人的关系(独立公正),也关注仲裁员履行职责的实际能力(足够时间),是对仲裁员资格的全面要求。
2.比较法视角
UNCITRAL仲裁规则要求仲裁员在进行指定前,应签署一份关于独立性与公正性的声明。SIAC规则(第20条)7和HKIAC规则(第11条)均有类似签署声明书的要求。ICC规则(第11条)以其详尽的标准声明书表格而闻名,要求仲裁员填写并签署,内容极为具体。LCIA规则(第5条)8要求仲裁员以书面形式承诺公正、独立并投入足够时间。SCC规则(第18条)要求仲裁员提交独立性与公正性声明。
ICDPASO此款与主流国际实践高度一致,是国际仲裁中保障仲裁员履职的通用且必要的程序环节。
3.法理分析
(1)建立信赖与预期。当事人对仲裁程序的信赖,部分源于对仲裁员专业操守和敬业精神的信任。签署声明书这一行为,公开并正式地建立了这种信赖关系,设定了当事人对仲裁员行为的合理预期。
(2)预防性程序保障。这是一种预防性的程序措施,与ICDPASO争端预防的理念相契合。通过事先的书面承诺,旨在从源头上预防可能出现的利益冲突和程序拖延,防患于未然。
(三)第三款解析
1.核心特点解析
本款规定了仲裁员的持续披露义务,是信息披露制度在时间维度上的延伸。
(1)义务的持续性。披露义务并非在签署声明书后终止,而是贯穿于“仲裁程序进行过程中”。这是一个动态的、不间断的义务。
(2)触发情形的即时性。要求“出现或发现”相关情形时“立即”披露。这强调了披露的及时性,旨在第一时间化解可能出现的公正性问题。
(3)披露对象的广泛性。披露须同时向“各方当事人、其他仲裁员和仲裁院”作出。这确保了程序参与各方能同步获取信息,避免了信息传递的延迟或扭曲,维护了程序的透明性。
2.比较法视角
所有主要国际仲裁规则(UNCITRAL, SIAC, HKIAC, ICC, LCIA, SCC)均明确规定了仲裁员的持续披露义务。这是国际仲裁的普遍标准和要求。ICDPASO仲裁规则的规定在内容和严格程度上与国际最佳实践完全接轨。
3.法理分析
(1)程序公正的动态维护。仲裁程序是一个发展的过程,可能随时出现新的情况。持续披露义务确保了程序的公正性不会因情势变更而受到损害,是对程序公正性的动态、实时维护。
(2)与替换程序的衔接。持续披露过程中发现的新问题,可能构成替换仲裁员(第十六条)的情形。例如,若新披露的情形导致当事人对其公正性产生“合理怀疑”并申请回避,或导致仲裁员“在法律上或事实上不能履行职责”,则可能启动第十六条规定的替换程序。本款与第十六条共同构成了一个应对仲裁程序中突发利益冲突的完整解决方案。
四、与中国新修仲裁法接轨和适配性
2025年9月12日修订的《中华人民共和国仲裁法》(以下简称“新修《仲裁法》”)显著加强了对仲裁员公正独立性的要求与监督,ICDPASO规则第十四条与该法的深化革新展现出前瞻性的契合与协同。
(1)对接并细化新法的披露义务。新修《仲裁法》明确规定了仲裁员的披露义务9。ICDPASO第十四条不仅完全呼应了这一要求,更以三款条文对其进行了精细化的程序构建,明确了披露的时点(事前与事中)、标准(合理怀疑)、形式(书面)、对象(仲裁院、当事人)以及法律后果(逾期异议的程序后果),为仲裁员和当事人提供了极具操作性的指引。
(2)强化仲裁法追求的公信力。新修《仲裁法》的核心理念之一是提升仲裁的公信力和国际化水平。ICDPASO第十四条所体现的高标准、严要求,与国际商事仲裁的普遍实践完全同步,且通过“逾期异议的程序后果”条款更加强调程序的严谨性。这有助于增强国内外当事人对选择ICDPASO作为仲裁机构的信心,提升中国法域内仲裁的国际形象与竞争力。
(3)“逾期异议的程序后果”机制对新法“效率与公正”平衡的贡献。新修《仲裁法》强调“公正、及时”地解决纠纷。ICDPASO第十四条第一款的“逾期异议的程序后果”规则,是“及时”价值的卓越体现。它有效遏制了恶意拖延程序的战术性回避申请,保护了仲裁程序免受不当干扰,确保了争端解决的高效推进,这与新法的价值取向高度一致。
(4)为仲裁员提供明确行为准则。各国仲裁员都能从该条文中清晰知悉其义务边界,避免因规则模糊而陷入职业道德风险。
(5)为当事人提供稳定的程序预期。当事人明确知晓信息披露的流程和其自身权利(如提出异议的期限)及后果(逾期放弃),便于其更好地规划仲裁策略,减少了程序的不确定性。
(6)为仲裁院提供有力的管理工具。仲裁院可以依据该明确规则,高效处理信息披露相关事宜,特别是在当事人就是否应回避产生争议时,该条款为仲裁院作出决定提供了明确的规则依据。
五、结语
ICDPASO《商事仲裁规则》第十四条通过“事前强制披露与逾期异议的程序后果”、“签署声明主动保证”与“事中持续即时披露”的三层设计,构筑了一张严密且动态的仲裁员公正性“防护网”。其与第十五条(回避)、第十六条(替换)紧密衔接,共同形成了保障仲裁庭正当组成的有机规则体系。在与国际主流规则的比较中,其“逾期异议的程序后果”条款所体现的程序法智慧尤为亮眼。更重要的是,该条款不仅与中国新修《仲裁法》的精神和规定深度契合,更以其前瞻性、系统性和可操作性的规则设计,为提升国际仲裁平台的公信力与效率做出了重要贡献,体现了ICDPASO规则现代化与国际化特征。
1.UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules art. 11(2021), which provides that: “Article 11
When a person is approached in connection with his or her possible appointment as an arbitrator, he or she shall disclose any circumstances likely to give rise to justifiable doubts as to his or her impartiality or independence. An arbitrator, from the time of his or her appointment and throughout the arbitral proceedings, shall without delay disclose any such circumstances to the parties and the other arbitrators unless they have already been informed by him or her of these circumstances.”
2.SIAC Rules art. 20(2025), which provides that: “20.2 Prior to their appointment, prospective arbitrators shall disclose in writing to the Registrar any circumstances which may give rise to justifiable doubts as to their impartiality or independence and indicate if they do not possess any qualifications agreed by the parties.
20.3 After their appointment, arbitrators have a continuing obligation to immediately disclose in writing to the Registrar, the parties, and the other arbitrators any circumstances which may give rise to justifiable doubts as to their impartiality or independence.”
3.HKIAC Rules art. 11(2024), which provides that: “11.4 Before confirmation or appointment, a prospective arbitrator shall (a) sign a statement confirming his or her availability to decide the dispute and his or her impartiality and independence; and (b) disclose any circumstances likely to give rise to justifiable doubts as to his or her impartiality or independence. An arbitrator, once confirmed or appointed and throughout the arbitration, shall disclose without delay any such circumstances to the parties unless they have already been informed by him or her of these circumstances.”
4.ICC Arbitration Rules art. 11(2021), which provides that: “ARTICLE 11 General Provisions
2 Before appointment or confirmation, a prospective arbitrator shall sign a statement of acceptance, availability, impartiality and independence. The prospective arbitrator shall disclose in writing to the Secretariat any facts or circumstances which might be of such a nature as to call into question the arbitrator’s independence in the eyes of the parties, as well as any circumstances that could give rise to reasonable doubts as to the arbitrator’s impartiality. The Secretariat shall provide such information to the parties in writing and fix a time limit for any comments from them.
3 An arbitrator shall immediately disclose in writing to the Secretariat and to the parties any facts or circumstances of a similar nature to those referred to in Article 11(2) concerning the arbitrator’s impartiality or independence which may arise during the arbitration.”
5.LCIA Rules art. 5(2020), which provides that: “5.5 Each arbitrator shall assume a continuing duty, until the arbitration is finally concluded, forthwith to disclose in writing any circumstances becoming known to that arbitrator after the date of his or her written declaration (under Article 5.4) which are likely to give rise in the mind of any party to any justifiable doubts as to his or her impartiality or independence, to be delivered to the LCIA Court, any other members of the Arbitral Tribunal and all parties in the arbitration.”
6.SCC Rules art. 18(2023), which provides that: “Article 18 Impartiality, independence, and availability
(1) Every arbitrator must be impartial and independent.
(2) Before being appointed, a prospective arbitrator shall disclose any circumstances that may give rise to justifiable doubts as to the prospective arbitrator’s impartiality or independence.
(3) Once appointed, an arbitrator shall submit to the Secretariat a signed statement of acceptance, availability, impartiality and independence, disclosing any circumstances that may give rise to justifiable doubts as to the arbitrator’s impartiality or independence. The Secretariat shall send a copy of the statement of acceptance, availability, impartiality and independence to the parties and the other arbitrators.
(4) An arbitrator shall immediately inform the parties and the other arbitrators in writing if any circumstances that may give rise to justifiable doubts as to the arbitrator’s impartiality or independence arise during the course of the arbitration.”
7.SIAC Rules art. 20(2025), which provides that: “20. Disclosure
20.1 All arbitrators appointed under these Rules shall be and shall remain at all times independent and impartial, and conduct themselves in accordance with these Rules, SIAC’s Code of Ethics and the Practice Notes for the time being in force. All arbitrators appointed under these Rules must sign a Statement of Acceptance, Independence, Impartiality, and Availability.”
8.LCIA Rules art. 5(2020), which provides that: “5.4 Before appointment by the LCIA Court, each arbitrator candidate shall furnish to the Registrar (upon the latter’s request) a brief written summary of his or her qualifications and professional positions (past and present); the candidate shall also agree in writing fee rates conforming to the Schedule of Costs; the candidate shall sign a written declaration stating:
(i) whether there are any circumstances currently known to the candidate which are likely to give rise in the mind of any party to any justifiable doubts as to his or her impartiality or independence and, if so, specifying in full such circumstances in the declaration; and
(ii) whether the candidate is ready, willing and able to devote sufficient time, diligence and industry to ensure the expeditious and efficient conduct of the arbitration. The candidate shall promptly furnish such agreement and declaration to the Registrar.”
9.《中华人民共和国仲裁法》(1994年8月31日第八届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第九次会议通过 根据2009年8月27日第十一届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十次会议《关于修改部分法律的决定》第一次修正 根据2017年9月1日第十二届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第二十九次会议《关于修改〈中华人民共和国法官法〉等八部法律的决定》第二次修正 2025年9月12日第十四届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十七次会议修订)第四十五条 仲裁员存在可能导致当事人对其独立性、公正性产生合理怀疑情形的,该仲裁员应当及时向仲裁机构书面披露。仲裁机构应当将仲裁员书面披露情况、仲裁庭的组成情况书面通知当事人。